While the Paris Agreement calls for holding temperatures to "well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and
to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels," the nationally determined contribution pledges made by its Parties to date put the globe on track for temperature increases of 2.6-3.5°C by 2100, with temperatures continuing to increase for centuries beyond this due to the inertia of the system. The implications of temperature increases of this magnitude for both human institutions and ecosystems has led to increasing interest in so-called "negative emissions technologies," sometimes classified as "geoengineering," that could remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing radiative forcing and buying society time to decarbonize. Such options include bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air capture (DCA), ocean iron fertilization (OIF) and accelerated mineral weathering. While these approaches would potentially prove to be an important part of society's climate mitigation portfolio, they also pose risks to the environment, as well as well in the context of socioeconomic justice and food security. This panel will seek to assess these options and how society should seek to assess them, including a comparative risk assessment in terms of projected levels of climate change under a business as usual scenario.